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Energy harvesting for automotive applications
Energy harvesters do not necessarily make sense in all potential applications where a battery [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] is replaced. Battery technology is continuously advancing and due to volumes achieved, the price points reached are at levels where harvesters cannot compete. That is not always the case though as,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], energy harvesting is well fitted to niche markets where battery replacement is not an option. Continuous operation of sensors or operation in inaccessible environments makes it cost intensive or even impossible to replace drained batteries.
The approach at IMEC is tackling the issue from both the energy consumption side [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] as well as the energy generation side. On the energy consumption side, IMEC is developing micro-modules that consume minimal amounts of energy. On the energy generation front, the approach is to develop micro-machined energy harvesters in combination with an energy storage component. Their autonomy will allow such wireless sensors to operate for an almost indefinite time without worries of battery charging or connection to a power grid.A micro-sized piezoelectric transducer has so far shown the best result at IMEC. It consists of a cantilever with one or several piezoelectric layers sandwiched between metallic electrodes forming a capacitor. At the tip of the cantilever, a seismic mass captures the vibrations of the machine to which the harvester is attached.IMEC's new vibration harvester consists of a piezoelectric capacitor formed by a Pt electrode, an AIN piezoelectric layer (initial versions used PZT), and a top Al electrode.The resulting harvester delivers energy that has constantly been improving in the past few years of development.
At the current level of output power, IMEC's harvesters are already powerful enough and are harvesting energy in meaningful frequencies in order to drive simple wireless sensors [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] that intermittently transfer sensor readings to a master, which is the case in tyre pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) being developed at IMEC.TPMSs are becoming standard on new vehicles. Specific issues that need to be dealt with in this type of application relate to the fact that a vibration harvester needs to be optimized to a vibration that is available at most speeds. Also, the modules must withstand shocks of several 100g which calls for extremely reliable sensors and components.
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